Researchers from Tsinghua University in China have designed a low-cost energy storage device using a TiO2-assisted UV reduction of sandwiched graphene components. The sandwich structure consists of two active layers of reduced graphene oxide hybridized with TiO2, with a graphene oxide separator (rGO-TiO2/rGO/rGO-TiO2). In the device, the separator layer also acts as a reservoir for the electrolyte, which affects ion diffusion—a known problem for layered membrane devices—and affects both the capacity and rate performance.

The team explained that a step-by-step vacuum filtration process is used to form the membrane structure, and the amount of graphene oxide used in the filtration solutions can be adjusted to precisely tune the thickness of each layer. Irradiation of the dried membrane with UV light then reduces the graphene oxide to rGO with assistance from the TiO2.

The electrochemical performance of the hybrid active layer was reportedly affected by the reduction time, with anything less than 40 minutes being too short to completely reduce the graphene oxide, leading to lower electrical conductivity and, therefore, reduced capacitance of the membrane. Going beyond 40 minutes of UV irradiation, suggest the researchers, strips the functional groups from the rGO surface, leading to a lower pseudocapacitance.

The membrane supercapacitor also demonstrated good mechanical stability, with an essentially unchanged electrochemical performance when tested at bending angles of 90 and 180 degrees.

The method used by the researchers to generate compact, thin-film, energy storage structures is said to be very easy and user-friendly, and is not limited to the production of supercapacitors.